A surprise solar flare has burst from an area of
dense magnetism on the sun’s surface, causing a temporary radio blackout in
parts of Australia and all of New Zealand.
The M5-class, medium-strength solar flare was
recorded by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory as it erupted from the sunspot
AR3141 at 7:11 p.m. ET on Sunday (Nov. 6). The flare created a rush of
radiation that ionized Earth’s atmosphere, according to spaceweather.com.
Sunspots are dark regions on the sun's surface where
powerful magnetic fields, created by the flow of electrical charges, knot into
kinks before suddenly snapping. The resulting release of energy launches bursts
of radiation called solar flares and explosive jets of solar material called
coronal mass ejections (CMEs). A CME did accompany this flare, but it was not
aimed at Earth.
The solar flare erupted unexpectedly and took
scientists by surprise. "Our
apologies there was no alert for this event. The flare was impulsive,” the
solar activity tracking website SpaceWeatherLive wrote on Twitter.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) classifies solar flares in five categories — A, B, C M and X — based on
the intensity of the X-rays they release, with each level having 10 times the
intensity of the last. TK
Once they reach Earth, X-rays and ultraviolet
radiation produced by solar flares ionize atoms in our upper atmosphere, making
it impossible to bounce high-frequency radio waves from them and creating a
radio blackout. Radio blackouts occur over the areas lit by the sun during the
time of the flare, and they are classified from R1 to R5, according to
severity. This most recent flare caused a moderate R2 blackout.
Solar activity, which astronomers have tracked since
1775, rises and falls according to a roughly 11-year cycle. Solar activity has
been especially high recently, with sunspot numbers nearly twice those of NOAA
predictions.
The increased activity has sent waves of high-energy
plasma and X-ray bursts slamming into Earth's magnetic fields, downing Starlink
satellites, triggering radio blackouts and causing auroras as far south as
Pennsylvania, Iowa and Oregon.
And many more flares will likely lash Earth in the
coming years. The sun's activity is projected to steadily climb, reaching an
overall maximum in 2025, before decreasing again.
This ramp-up in activity means that, on the night of
a solar storm, the northern lights will be visible much farther south than
usual. This is because Earth's magnetic field gets compressed slightly by the
waves of highly energetic particles, which ripple down magnetic field lines and
agitate molecules in the atmosphere. This then releases energy in the form of
light to create colorful shifting curtains in the night sky.
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